Last data update: May 13, 2024. (Total: 46773 publications since 2009)
Records 1-3 (of 3 Records) |
Query Trace: Kalish ML[original query] |
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Recombinant viruses initiated the early HIV-1 epidemic in Burkina Faso.
Fonjungo PN , Kalish ML , Schaefer A , Rayfield M , Mika J , Rose LE , Heslop O , Soudre R , Pieniazek D . PLoS One 2014 9 (3) e92423 We analyzed genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among 124 HIV-1 and 19 HIV-2 strains in sera collected in 1986 from patients of the state hospital in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Phylogenetic analysis of the HIV-1 env gp41 region of 65 sequences characterized 37 (56.9%) as CRF06_cpx strains, 25 (38.5%) as CRF02_AG, 2 (3.1%) as CRF09_cpx, and 1 (1.5%) as subtype A. Similarly, phylogenetic analysis of the protease (PR) gene region of 73 sequences identified 52 (71.2%) as CRF06_cpx, 15 (20.5%) as CRF02_AG, 5 (6.8%) as subtype A, and 1 (1.4%) was a unique strain that clustered along the B/D lineage but basal to the node connecting the two lineages. HIV-2 PR or integrase (INT) groups A (n = 17 [89.5%]) and B (n = 2 [10.5%]) were found in both monotypic (n = 11) and heterotypic HIV-1/HIV-2 (n = 8) infections, with few HIV-2 group B infections. Based on limited available sampling, evidence suggests two recombinant viruses, CRF06_cpx and CRF02_AG, appear to have driven the beginning of the mid-1980s HIV-1 epidemic in Burkina Faso. |
Prevalence of drug resistance-related polymorphisms in treatment-naive individuals infected with nonsubtype B HIV type 1 in Cameroon.
Fonjungo PN , Youngpairoj AS , Alemnji GA , Eno LT , Lyonga EJ , Eloundou MA , Shanmugam V , Mpoudi-Ngole E , Kalish ML , Folks TM , Pieniazek D . AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011 28 (7) 675-84 Mutations associated with the use of protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors have been mostly mapped for HIV-1 subtype B. The prevalence of these mutations in drug-naive HIV-1 subtype B infected individuals is low but occurs at high frequencies in treated individuals. To determine the prevalence of treatment-associated mutations in non-B viruses, we analyzed a 1613bp pol region of specimens collected from 57 HIV-1 infected treatment-naive individuals from Cameroon. Of the 57 HIV-1 sequences, 43 belonged to CRF02-AG, two to CRF11-cpx, six to subtype A, one to subtype D and five were unclassifiable. Of the 57 PR sequences, 100% contained at least one codon change giving substitutions at positions 10, 11, 16, 20, 33, 36, 60, 62, 64, 69, 77, and 89. These substitutions gave the following prevalence pattern, 36I/L (100%, 57/57) > 89M/I (98%, 56/57) > 69K/R (93%, 53/57) > 20I/R (89%, 51/57) > 16E (16%, 9/57) > 64M (12%, 7/57) > 10I (11%, 6/57) > 11V (5%, 3/57) = 62V (5%, 3/57) = 77I (5%, 3/57) > 233F/V (4%, 2/57) = 60E (4%), which differed significantly from subtype B at positions 20, 36, 69 and 89. All but one (98%) of the 57 RT sequences (438 amino acid residues) carried substitutions located at codons 39A (7%), 43E (7%), 122E (7%), 312Q (2%), 333E (2%), 335C/D (89%), 356K (89%), 358K (14%), 365I (2%), 371V (81%), 376S (11%) or 399D (4%); the frequency of these substitutions ranged from <0.5% to 4% in RT of subtype B. The high prevalence of minor mutations associated with protease inhibitors (PI) and reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) represent natural polymorphisms. HIV-1 PR and RT sequences from ARV-naive HIV-infected persons in Cameroon are important for monitoring the development of resistance to PIs and RTIs as such mutations could lead to treatment failures in individuals undergoing ARV therapy. |
Practice of feeding premasticated food to infants: a potential risk factor for HIV transmission
Gaur AH , Dominguez KL , Kalish ML , Rivera-Hernandez D , Donohoe M , Brooks JT , Mitchell CD . Pediatrics 2009 124 (2) 658-66 OBJECTIVES: Although some caregivers are known to premasticate food for infants, usually during the weaning period, HIV transmission has not been linked to this practice. We describe 3 cases of HIV transmission in the United States possibly related to this practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three cases of HIV infection were diagnosed in children at ages 9, 15, and 39 months; clinical symptomatology prompted the testing. A thorough investigation to rule out alternative modes of transmission was conducted. In addition, phylogenetic comparisons of virus from cases and suspected sources were performed by using the C2V3C3 or gp41 region of env and the p17 coding region of gag. RESULTS: In 2 cases, the mothers were known to be infected with HIV, had not breastfed their children, and perinatal transmission of HIV had previously been ruled out following US HIV testing guidelines. In the third case, a great aunt who helped care for the child was infected with HIV, but the child's mother was not. All 3 children were fed food on multiple occasions that had been premasticated by a care provider infected with HIV; in 2 cases concurrent oral bleeding in the premasticating adult was described. Phylogenetic analyses supported the epidemiologic conclusion that the children were infected through exposure to premasticated food from a caregiver infected with HIV in 2 of the 3 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The reported cases provide compelling evidence linking premastication to HIV infection, a route of transmission not previously reported that has important global implications including being a possible explanation for some of the reported cases of "late" HIV transmission in infants, so far attributed to breastfeeding. Until the risk of premastication and modifying factors (eg, periodontal disease) are better understood, we recommend that health care providers routinely query children's caregivers and expecting parents who are infected with HIV or at risk of HIV infection about this feeding practice and direct them to safer, locally available, feeding options. |
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